Open Form Research Articles

Photo-Responsive Hydrogen-Bonded Molecular Networks Capable of Retaining Crystalline Periodicity after Isomerization.

The molecular conformation, crystalline morphology, and properties of photochromic organic crystals can be controlled through photoirradiation, making them promising candidates for functional organic materials. However, photochromic porous molecular crystals with a networked framework structure are rare due to the difficulty in maintaining space that allows for photo-induced molecular motion in the crystalline state. This study describes a photo-responsive single crystal based on hydrogen-bonded (H-bonded) network of dihydrodimethylbenzo[e]pyrene derivative 4BDHP. A crystal composed of H-bonded undulate layers, 4BDHP-2, underwent photo-isomerization in the crystalline state due to loose stacking of the layers. Particularly, enantio-pure crystal (S,S)-4BDHP-2 allowed to reveal the structure of the photoisomerized crystal, in which the closed form (4BDHP) and open form (4CPD) were arranged alternately with keeping crystalline periodicity, although side reactions were also implied. The present proof-of-concept system of a photochromic framework that retains crystalline periodicity after photo-isomerization may provide new light-driven porous functional materials.

Photo‐Responsive Hydrogen‐Bonded Molecular Networks Capable of Retaining Crystalline Periodicity after Isomerization

AbstractThe molecular conformation, crystalline morphology, and properties of photochromic organic crystals can be controlled through photoirradiation, making them promising candidates for functional organic materials. However, photochromic porous molecular crystals with a networked framework structure are rare due to the difficulty in maintaining space that allows for photo‐induced molecular motion in the crystalline state. This study describes a photo‐responsive single crystal based on hydrogen‐bonded (H‐bonded) network of dihydrodimethylbenzo[e]pyrene derivative 4BDHP. A crystal composed of H‐bonded undulate layers, 4BDHP‐2, underwent photo‐isomerization in the crystalline state due to loose stacking of the layers. Particularly, enantio‐pure crystal (S,S)‐4BDHP‐2 allowed to reveal the structure of the photoisomerized crystal, in which the closed form (4BDHP) and open form (4CPD) were arranged alternately with keeping crystalline periodicity, although side reactions were also implied. The present proof‐of‐concept system of a photochromic framework that retains crystalline periodicity after photo‐isomerization may provide new light‐driven porous functional materials.

Exploring Binding Pockets in the Conformational States of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Trimers for the Screening of Allosteric Inhibitors Using Molecular Simulations and Ensemble-Based Ligand Docking.

Understanding mechanisms of allosteric regulation remains elusive for the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, despite the increasing interest and effort in discovering allosteric inhibitors of the viral activity and interactions with the host receptor ACE2. The challenges of discovering allosteric modulators of the SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins are associated with the diversity of cryptic allosteric sites and complex molecular mechanisms that can be employed by allosteric ligands, including the alteration of the conformational equilibrium of spike protein and preferential stabilization of specific functional states. In the current study, we combine conformational dynamics analysis of distinct forms of the full-length spike protein trimers and machine-learning-based binding pocket detection with the ensemble-based ligand docking and binding free energy analysis to characterize the potential allosteric binding sites and determine structural and energetic determinants of allosteric inhibition for a series of experimentally validated allosteric molecules. The results demonstrate a good agreement between computational and experimental binding affinities, providing support to the predicted binding modes and suggesting key interactions formed by the allosteric ligands to elicit the experimentally observed inhibition. We establish structural and energetic determinants of allosteric binding for the experimentally known allosteric molecules, indicating a potential mechanism of allosteric modulation by targeting the hinges of the inter-protomer movements and blocking conformational changes between the closed and open spike trimer forms. The results of this study demonstrate that combining ensemble-based ligand docking with conformational states of spike protein and rigorous binding energy analysis enables robust characterization of the ligand binding modes, the identification of allosteric binding hotspots, and the prediction of binding affinities for validated allosteric modulators, which is consistent with the experimental data. This study suggested that the conformational adaptability of the protein allosteric sites and the diversity of ligand bound conformations are both in play to enable efficient targeting of allosteric binding sites and interfere with the conformational changes.

Chemical interaction between the sugar moieties in N, N-di-glycated alanine derivatives

The chemistry of N,N-diglycated amino acids remains unexplored due to their transient nature in the Maillard reaction. Their increased reactivity is attributed to the presence of high concentrations of open ring forms in at least one of their sugar moieties. The N,N-diglycated alanine derivatives were generated in situ via dissociation from their stable precursors the bis[N,N-diglycated alanine]iron(II) complexes, in the alanine/glucose/FeCl2 model system heated at 110 °C for 2 h. The thermal degradations of these complexes were followed in the reaction mixture, using isotope-labelled reactants, such as [13C-3] alanine and [13C–U] glucose, and ESI/qTOF/MS analysis. The N,N-diglycated amino acids exhibited a unique and characteristic chemical interaction between the neighbouring sugar moieties generating hitherto unknown heterocyclic moieties. The origin of these products was tracked by identifying ions incorporating one C-3 atom from alanine and between seven to 12 carbon atoms from the sugar moieties in the same structure. Temperature-dependent FTIR spectra of di-glycated alanine generated through ball milling provided further evidence for their reactivity.

Synergetic effects of inter- and intramolecular hydrogen bonding interactions in XC5H3HC = Y···HO···H2O2 complexes (X = N, P, As and Sb; Y = O, S and NH): the role of aromaticity and exchange interactions

ABSTRACT Intramolecular hydrogen bonding (IHB) interactions were considered in XC5H3HC = Y···HO molecules which include OH···Y unit (Y = O, S and NH) and heteroatom X (X = N, P, As and Sb). Alteration of heteroatoms X in para position causes a change of properties of electron charge densities on these molecules and influences on strength of the IHB interactions. The aromaticity of the ring A (involving IHB interaction) and ring B (involving heteroatoms X) of XC5H3HC = Y···HO molecules was calculated using para-delocalisation index (PDI). Results reveal that the change of X from N to Sb is followed by the decrease in aromaticity of the mentioned rings. However, the strength of the IHB interactions increases during the change of X. Moreover, IHB energies were estimated using some computational methods and a viewpoint based on the properties of ring critical points (RCPs). The IHB energies obtained using a viewpoint based on the properties of RCPs have a better relationship with hydrogen bonding descriptors. Also, intermolecular hydrogen bond (HB) interactions of hydrogen peroxide with the close and open forms of the XC5H3HC = Y···HO molecules were considered. Cooperative effects of the HB and IHB interactions are revealed. Moreover, energy decomposition analysis (EDA) highlights the role of exchange interactions on the stability of the XC5H3HC = Y···HO···H2O2 complexes.

Contesting just transitions: Climate delay and the contradictions of labour environmentalism

The notion of ‘just transition’ (JT) is an attempt to align climate and energy objectives with the material concerns of industrial workers, frontline communities, and marginalised groups. Despite the potential for fusing social and environmental justice, there is growing concern that the concept is being mobilised in practice as a form of ‘climate delayism’: a problem more ambiguous than open forms of denialism as it draws in multiple and conflictual agents, practices, and discourses. Using an historical materialist framework, attentive to both energy-capital and capital-labour relations, we show how JT is vulnerable to forces and relations of climate delay across both fossil capital and climate capital hegemonic projects. We review this through an engagement with the climate obstructionism literature and the theory of labour environmentalism: the political engagement of trade unionists and workers with environmental issues. As tensions within the labour movement surface amidst the unsettling of the carbon capital hegemony, we assess the degree to which (organised) labour—as an internally differentiated, contradictory movement—is participating in climate breakdown through a ‘praxis of delay’. Trade unions and industrial workers are often implicated in resisting or undermining transitions, but this is related significantly to their structural power relations vis a vis the fossil hegemony. Notably, JT negotiations are themselves structurally embedded within the carbon capital economy. The general preferences of trade unions for social over environmental justice might be prevalent but are neither universal nor inevitable; JT is open and contested political terrain, and labour-environmental struggles remain imperative for building just energy futures.

Числовий аналіз впливу стрічкових включень на концентрацію напружень в тонких циліндричних і конічних оболонках з прямокутними отворами

Thin-walled plate-shell structures are widely used in various branches of technology and the national economy, in particular in the aerospace industry, the oil and gas industry, power engineering, construction, etc. The continuity of such structures is often disrupted by various inhomogeneities in the form of openings, inclusions, recesses, cracks, etc., which are local stress concentrators. Reducing the concentration of the stresses that develop in the vicinity of such structural inhomogeneities is an important problem in deformable solid mechanics. In particular, a pressing problem in the design of new equipment in modern mechanical engineering is a significant reduction in material consumption and an increase in the service life of cast parts taking into account the use of new materials and technologies. Such parts are responsible for the competitiveness of new equipment for various industries. This paper presents the results of a numerical simulation and analysis of the stress and strain field of thin-walled cylindrical and truncated conical shells with rectangular openings and tape inclusions around them. The material of the inclusions has properties that differ from those of the base material of the shells. The effect of the geometrical and mechanical characteristics of the inclusions on the parameters of the stress and strain field in the vicinity of the openings was studied by varying the elastic modulus of the inclusion material and the inclusion width. For definiteness, the inclusions were assumed to be homogeneous and located in the shell plane. The stress and strain intensity distributions in the zones of local stress concentration were obtained. The numerical results for shells of both shapes were compared with the corresponding results for shells with a circular opening. The study showed that the presence of a “soft” homogeneous tape inclusion helps in reducing the stress concentration around rectangular openings by ~ (21 – 54) % depending on the width of the inclusion and its elastic modulus, both in cylindrical and in conical shells. Unlike shells with a circular opening, in this case the presence of inclusions does not cause the mechanical effect of shifting the stress concentration zone from the contour of the opening to the interface between the materials.

Conformational Effects on the Absorption Spectra of Phytochromes.

Bacteriophytochrome is a photoreceptor protein that contains the biliverdin (BV) chromophore as its active component. The spectra of BV upon mutation remain remarkably unchanged, as far as spectral positions are concerned. This points toward the minimal effect of electrostatic effects on the electronic structure of the chromophore. However, the relative intensities of the Q and Soret bands of the chromophore change dramatically upon mutation. In this work, we delve into the molecular origin of this unusual intensity modulation. Using extensive classical MD and QM/MM calculations, we show that due to mutation, the conformational population of the chromophore changes significantly. The noncovalent interactions, especially the stacking interactions, lead to extra stabilization of the cyclic form in the D207H mutated species as opposed to the open form in the wild-type BV. Thus, unlike the commonly observed direct electrostatic effect on the spectral shift, in the case of BV the difference observed is in varying intensities, and this in turn is driven by a conformational shift due to enhanced stacking interaction.

The impact of crowdsourcing and user-driven innovation on R&D departments’ innovation activity: Application of multivariate correspondence analysis

Research background: In enterprise practices, innovation management is taking on more and more open forms. New, creative sources of inspiration are being sought. More and more companies are opening up to cooperation with external people or entities, thus entering a path of open innovation and crowdsourcing. This development is facilitated by increasingly large numbers of online and virtual communities. The idea is to use the potential of the crowd — collective intelligence and creativity. As the strategy is still developing, knowledge in this area is limited. There is a paucity of research on the impact of crowdsourcing on R&D departments and their innovative activities. Purpose of the article: The study aims to determine whether the use of customer support in the form of crowdsourcing affects the innovative activities of R&D departments that implement user-driven innovation (UDI). Methods: An original questionnaire was used for the study. Fifty-seven R&D departments in Poland participated in the research. A correspondence analysis, performed on the basis of the Burt matrix, was applied for the analysis. The authors also used Cramer's V correlation coefficients. Examination of the acquired correlation coefficients reveals the existence of four distinct categories of enterprises regarding the usage of crowdsourcing and implementation of product innovations, completed R&D projects, employment in R&D departments, and percentage of revenue allocating in R&D works. Findings & value added:  Research has shown that R&D departments positively evaluate the effects of using UDI in market research analyses of customer purchasing behavior. It helps to create or improve products or services offered on the market, especially in the field of customization, using the information from national research and development units at the same time. Their purpose is mainly to increase the product range. The findings can help academics and practitioners improve the body of knowledge about the determinants of innovation activity, especially concerning relationships with customers and user-driven innovation practices.

Glycerol 3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase: Role of the Protein Conformational Change in Activation of a Readily Reversible Enzyme-Catalyzed Hydride Transfer Reaction.

Kinetic parameters are reported for glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPDH)-catalyzed hydride transfer from the whole substrate glycerol 3-phosphate (G3P) or truncated substrate ethylene glycol (EtG) to NAD, and for activation of the hydride transfer reaction of EtG by phosphite dianion. These kinetic parameters were combined with parameters for enzyme-catalyzed hydride transfer in the microscopic reverse direction to give the reaction equilibrium constants Keq. Hydride transfer from G3P is favored in comparison to EtG because the carbonyl product of the former reaction is stabilized by hyperconjugative electron donation from the -CH2R keto substituent. The kinetic data show that the phosphite dianion provides the same 7.6 ± 0.1 kcal/mol stabilization of the transition states for enzyme-catalyzed reactions in the forward [reduction of NAD by EtG] and reverse [oxidation of NADH by glycolaldehyde] directions. The experimental evidence that supports a role for phosphite dianion in stabilizing the active closed form of the GPDH (EC) relative to the ca. 6 kcal/mol more unstable open form (EO) is summarized.

Effect of spirocyclization of xanthene dyes on linear and nonlinear optical properties by considering D-π-A and D-A-D Systems: DFT and TD-DFT approach

Spirocyclization, a unique feature of xanthene dyes, makes it a promising candidate for developing fluorescent ratiometric probes for sensing, imaging, tracking, and labeling. How will this feature of xanthene dyes influence the linear and nonlinear optical properties? To examine the effect of spirocyclization of xanthene dyes, we have selected both the open-close form of rhodamine B and π-extended xanthene dyes substituted with thienyl and thieno[3,2-b]thienyl group at position 3 and 6. Here, rhodamine B will serve as the (Donor)D-π-A(Acceptor) system and thiophene-substituted xanthene dyes will serve as the D-A-D system. The geometry optimization of the close-open form of xanthene dyes at B3LYP/6–311++G(d,p) and CAM-B3LYP/6–311++G(d,p) revealed that the open form is energetically more stable in the S0 state than the closed form. The vertical excitation energy (ΔE), from Time-Dependent-Density Functional Theory (TD-DFT) calculation at B3LYP/6–311++G(d,p), CAM-B3LYP/6–311++G(d,p), ωB97XD/6–311++G(d,p) revealed that (ΔE)open < (ΔE)close. Further, the open form of xanthene dyes displays red-shifted absorption compared to the closed form. The λVt of xanthene dyes (open-close forms) is mainly assigned to HOMO → LUMO transition (S0 → S1) with % orbital contribution for open form ∼ 90 % and close form ∼ 60 %. The oscillator strength of xanthene dyes is obtained in the range of 0.01 – 1.74. The λVt of xanthene dyes is in agreement with experimental absorption. The static polarizability (α0), first-order hyperpolarizability (β0), second-order hyperpolarizability (γ), molecular hyperpolarizability (µβ0), and frequency-dependent hyperpolarizability (β1064), of the open form of xanthene dyes, were found to be higher than the close form. Thus, the open form of xanthene dyes will show superior linear and nonlinear optical properties than the closed form. The thienyl[3, 2-b] thieno substituted xanthene dye with red-shifted absorption shows higher α0, β0, γ, µβ0, β1064, and γ values, show better linear and NLO properties than thienyl and diethylamine substituted xanthene dyes.

Literary theory between contingency and contiguity: Yakov Druskin’s “Law of Heterogeneity”

AbstractThe notion of chance epitomizes the limits and challenges of any theory’s struggle for control over itself as well as over its objects. Although contemporary literary theory has adapted its terminology and conceptual framework in line with the emergence of dynamic, “open forms” (Wölfflin in Principles of art history: The problem of the development of style in later art, Dover Publications Inc, New York, 1986), chance has nevertheless remained a highly problematic category to come to terms with. How can literary theory embrace chance? The paper approaches this question in three steps. First, it reconstructs three basic poetological propositions against whose backdrop contingency gains profile: the proposition of causal connections as a means to transform literature into a realm of necessity, the proposition of form as means to reduce arbitrariness, and the proposition of control as a means to protect the aesthetic object against the risks of external intrusions. The second part of the paper discusses a largely forgotten but highly relevant approach to the problem of contingency by Yakov Druskin. Druskin links the function of contingency in theoretical investigation with concepts of contiguity and proximity, first of all touch. His fragmentary sketch of a “law of heterogeneity” represents a paradoxical attempt to theorize contingent obstruction as a privileged systematic device to establish physical contact. The third part of this paper unpacks the implicit urge to rethink the traditions of theory formation itself through the “law of heterogeneity.” It argues that Druskin’s law introduces a different type of theory, one which is deeply indebted to the tactile, thus challenging the ocularcentrism of theoría.

Causes and Effects of Unemployment in India: With Special Reference to Rural Areas of Yamuna Nagar District of Haryana

In underdeveloped countries unemployment is both open and disguised. Presently like all other underdeveloped countries, India suffers mainly from structural unemployment which exists in open and disguised forms. Unemployment which prevails in India is definitely structural in nature. During the 1951-2011 period, population in India increased at an alarming rate of around 2.1% per annum and with it the number of people coming to the labour market in search of jobs also rose rapidly. But due to slow economic growth rate, employment opportunities did not increase most of the time correspondingly, which results into an increase in the volume of unemployment. Apart from structural unemployment, there is Keynesian involuntary unemployment prevails in India. The present paper defines the situation of unemployment in India with special reference to rural areas of Haryana. Haryana is a state where agriculture and Industrial Sector and Service sector all have shown a good performance in the Gross Domestic Product. Since its creation, the economic growth of Haryana is very high. But it is also true that Haryana is also facing the problem of unemployment. The level of development of a country determines the extent of employment or unemployment. Therefore, when a country makes progress size and its production expands, the employment opportunities grow. During the past three decades, the production has expanded in all the sectors of the Indian economy. Absolute level of employment has grown in response to these developments, but was not found enough to remove the unemployment in the economy. However, during the planning period, unemployment in absolute terms has increased, not in a single state but in whole country. This present paper defines the unemployment situation that prevails in India with special reference to Haryana.

Predictors of Change in Creative Thinking Abilities in Young People: A Longitudinal Study

ABSTRACTPrevious research has examined how creative potential develops during childhood and has identified peaks, slumps, and bumps during maturation. However, little is known about the causes of such changes. This study employed a longitudinal approach to assess predictors of change in creative ideation over 2 years in young people (N = 76) aged 14–20 years old at the first time point. The analysis employed frequentist and Bayesian methods to evaluate the effect of individual factors, such as openness to experience (assessed using the BFI‐10 short form), and contextual factors, such as pursuing creative hobbies (measured with a leisure questionnaire). Openness at the first time point and change in openness over time predicted change in peak originality. Engagement in creative hobbies at the first time point predicted change in fluency. The findings support the contribution of individual factors, in the form of openness to experience, and contextual factors, in the form of engagement in creative hobbies, in the development of divergent thinking abilities in mid‐adolescence and young adulthood. Altogether, this study suggests that interventions aimed at increasing time spent on creative activities and promoting openness to experience may enhance divergent thinking abilities, which are essential components of creative potential.

Design and evaluation of thermal insulation of air layer for sentry building envelopes

The prevalence of small-scale structures, such as sentry buildings, has become widespread, with many of these buildings exposed to the outdoor environment and exhibiting suboptimal thermal insulation in their envelopes. Through a comprehensive study of outdoor disturbances, the most unfavourable envelope was identified. In light of this finding, we have designed static air layer sentry buildings (SAL-SB) and dynamic air layer sentry buildings (DAL-SB). The study conducted experiments and numerical simulations to evaluate the impact of air layer thickness, vent opening forms, and inlet velocities on the thermal insulation of sentry buildings. The results showed that both the SAL and DAL effectively improved thermal insulation, and a thickness of 25 cm has been found to offer the best thermal insulation. However, considering the balance between thermal insulation and cost-effectiveness, a thickness of 15 cm is recommended. Additionally, for DAL, an inlet velocity of 3 m/s is the threshold for switching the heat transfer direction on the roof. These findings provide novel insights into enhancing the thermal environment.

The Possibility of Applying Total Quality Management at the Higher Institute of Science and Technology – SUSA

In this study, an attempt was made to determine the possibility of applying total quality management in the Higher Institute of Science and Technology (SUSA) and to explain what needs to be done to create high-quality and qualified education and educational institutions in individuals and regions. Institutional aspects of education management. Within this framework, a number of domains from different sources are defined, different characteristics are highlighted, and efforts to improve the understanding of quality are discussed. The management model will enable educational institutions to survive under the conditions of global competition, cooperation should be developed in the form of innovation, modernity, liberalism, openness, development, change and catch-up. Quality is most clearly defined as customer satisfaction. In educational institutions, especially educational administrators, lecturers, teaching assistants, students, parents and educational institutions, the purpose is to improve the quality of lecturers as an overall environmental education.

Finite Element Analysis of Castellated Beams with Different Web Openings

Due to the recent developments in design optimization techniques and advanced construction technologies, uses of castellated beams have become very popular. Castellated beams because of their high strength to weight ratio and low maintenance and painting cost have effectively replaced built-up girders in light to medium constructions for medium to long spans. Longitudinal cuts in the form of openings along the web of castellated beams also results in stronger and stiffer beams than their parent beams without any increase in the self-weight. In this study, attempts are made to compare the behavior of castellated beams with their parent beams. Studies on effect of different web openings on deflection are carried out using finite element analysis.

Bigger is not better for indolino‐oxazoline photochemical properties

Indolino‐oxazolidine derivatives are a new and pretty confidential family of multimodal molecular switch. Indeed, acid, electrochemical potential, and UV light irradiation can be used to convert these compounds form their colorless closed form to a colorful open form. In this publication, we have investigated the influence of the extension of the p‐conjugated system beared by the indolino moiety on their halo‐, electro‐ and photochromic properties. In this context, we have demonstrated that only their photochemical properties are strongly affected by this structural modification. Moreover, quantum chemistry calculations have allowed to rationalize our experimental observations and, noticeably, to evidence an oxidative quenching process in presence of chlorobenzene, which enhances their reactivity.

Function Of Notary In The Appointment Of Extra-Marital Children As Testamento Heirs

In inheritance law, it has been regulated regarding inheritance for extra-marital children differently in accordance with the principles regulated by civil inheritance law which certainly rests on justice. In a condition where an extra-marital child who does not get recognition, can get inheritance through testamentair or will. The granting of a will containing efrstelling in the form of an openbaar testament to an unrecognized extra-marital child is an effort to fulfill a sense of justice. Justice is basically a relative thing, which does not always have to be the same, something can be said to be fair if it has done something according to the appropriate provisions. As the concept of distributive justice put forward by Aristotle, namely justice that gives everyone a portion according to their achievements. This legal research method is normative legal research. The approaches in this research are statutory, and conceptual approaches. The results of this study state that wills containing efrsteling against unrecognized extra-marital children in the form of openbaar terstamen have provided a sense of justice. This is because the Openbaar testament to an unrecognized extra-marital child has fulfilled the provision of rights to all heirs including extra-marital children who get a share in the inheritance, in other words, the principle of justice has been fulfilled due to the openness of the testator made before a notary and in the presence of witnesses. The notary plays a role in providing legal counseling to the person who will make a testament on an extra-marital child. The granting of Openbaar Testamen to extra-marital children has fulfilled a sense of justice. This is because the Openbaar Testament is an open form of testament so that the child outside of marriage can know the part to which he is entitled.

DETERMINATION OF THE AMOUNT OF LOAD ON PROTECTIVE STRUCTURES OF CIVIL DEFENSE AGAINST THE INFLUENCE OF A SHOCK WAVE ACCORDING TO DBN V.2.2-5:2023

The main types of explosions and their differences between each other are considered, as well as the difference in excess pressure in the air shock wave is shown. The definition of the calculated load on various load-bearing elements depending on the type of building, its location and structural inhomogeneities of building structures according to DBN B.2.2-5:20023 [1] is given. One of the extreme effects, the danger of which must be taken into account when designing protective structures of civil protection, is an external explosion, which can be caused by both man-made and military factors. The explosion generates a whole complex of loads and impacts. The pressure at the front of the air shock wave, as well as the duration of the compression and rarefaction phases, depend on the amount of explosives and the distance to the center of the explosion or cloud boundary. In general, a detonation explosion is characterized by the possibility of significant pressure on the front of the air shock wave and the short duration of the action (tenths and even hundredths of a second). The air shock wave, when interacting with the structure, affects its above-ground and underground parts. This process is complex: at the beginning of the interaction process, the air shock wave affects the external structures of the above-ground part of the building and the surface of the soil in front of the building, causing a compression wave in it, which, in turn, affects the front outer face of the underground part. Further, the air shock wave, passing through the structural inhomogeneities of building structures in the form of window and door openings, affects the internal load-bearing and non-load-bearing structures of the building, as well as the covering of the underground part. At the same time, compression waves in the soil affect the side and rear walls of the underground part.